---
title: "On Illustrious Men / De Viris Illustribus"
author: "Jerome"
tradition: "Patristic"
era: "Nicene & Post-Nicene"
genre: "Treatise"
source: "Translated by Ernest Cushing Richardson (NPNF2 Vol. 3; series ed. W. H. Fremantle)."
accession: "STROMATA № 275"
url: "https://www.thestromata.com/texts/on-illustrious-men-de-viris-illustribu-jerome"
downloaded: "2026-09-21"
---

# On Illustrious Men / De Viris Illustribus
*Jerome*

> Downloaded from The Stromata (thestromata.com). Free for personal, educational, and ministry use.

## Introduction

Modelled on Suetonius and written at a friend's urging, this is the first Christian literary history — a series of brief lives of writers from the apostles down to Jerome's own day, each with a note on what they wrote. Jerome meant to show the cultured world that Christianity had a learned tradition of its own, and in the process he preserved details about authors whose works are otherwise lost. It became the model for centuries of ecclesiastical biography. Read it as a reference and a catalogue — terse, encyclopedic entries rather than continuous prose.

---

# De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men)

You have urged me, Dexter, to follow the example of Tranquillus in giving a systematic account of ecclesiastical writers, and to do for our writers what he did for the illustrious men of letters among the Gentiles, namely, to briefly set before you all those who have published any memorable writing on the Holy Scriptures, from the time of our Lord's passion until the fourteenth year of the Emperor Theodosius. A similar work has been done by Hermippus the peripatetic, Antigonus Carystius, the learned Satyrus, and most learned of all, Aristoxenus the Musician, among the Greeks, and among the Latins by Varro, Santra, Nepos, Hyginus, and by him through whose example you seek to stimulate us — Tranquillus.

But their situation and mine is not the same, for they, opening the old histories and chronicles could as if gathering from some great meadow, weave some small crown at least for their work. As for me, what shall I do, who, having no predecessor, have, as the saying is, the worst possible master, namely myself, and yet I must acknowledge that Eusebius Pamphilus in the ten books of his Church History has been of the utmost assistance, and the works of various among those of whom we are to write, often testify to the dates of their authors. And so I pray the Lord Jesus, that what your Cicero, who stood at the summit of Roman eloquence, did not scorn to do, compiling in his _Brutus_, a catalogue of Latin orators, this I too may accomplish in the enumeration of ecclesiastical writers, and accomplish in a fashion worthy of the exhortation which you made. But if, perchance any of those who are yet writing have been overlooked by me in this volume, they ought to ascribe it to themselves, rather than to me, for among those whom I have not read, I could not, in the first place, know those who concealed their own writings, and, in the second place, what is perhaps well known to others, would be quite unknown to me in this out-of-the-way corner of the earth. But surely when they are distinguished by their writings, they will not very greatly grieve over any loss in our non-mention of them. Let Celsus, Porphyry, and Julian learn, rabid as they are against Christ, let their followers, they who think the Church has had no philosophers or orators or men of learning, learn how many and what sort of men founded, built and adorned it, and cease to accuse our faith of such rustic simplicity, and recognize rather their own ignorance.

## 1\. Simon Peter

Simon Peter the son of John, from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee, brother of Andrew the apostle, and himself chief of the apostles, after having been bishop of the church of Antioch and having preached to the Dispersion — the believers in circumcision, in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia — pushed on to Rome in the second year of Claudius to overthrow Simon Magus, and held the sacerdotal chair there for twenty-five years until the last, that is the fourteenth, year of Nero. At his hands he received the crown of martyrdom being nailed to the cross with his head towards the ground and his feet raised on high, asserting that he was unworthy to be crucified in the same manner as his Lord. He wrote two epistles which are called Catholic, the second of which, on account of its difference from the first in style, is considered by many not to be by him. Then too the Gospel according to Mark, who was his disciple and interpreter, is ascribed to him. On the other hand, the books, of which one is entitled his Acts, another his Gospel, a third his Preaching, a fourth his Revelation, a fifth his Judgment are rejected as apocryphal.

Buried at Rome in the Vatican near the triumphal way he is venerated by the whole world.

## 2\. James the Just

James, who is called the brother of the Lord, surnamed the Just, the son of Joseph by another wife, as some think, but, as appears to me, the son of Mary sister of the mother of our Lord of whom John makes mention in his book, after our Lord's passion at once ordained by the apostles bishop of Jerusalem, wrote a single epistle, which is reckoned among the seven Catholic Epistles and even this is claimed by some to have been published by some one else under his name, and gradually, as time went on, to have gained authority. Hegesippus, who lived near the apostolic age, in the fifth book of his Commentaries, writing of James, says

> After the apostles, James the brother of the Lord surnamed the Just was made head of the Church at Jerusalem. Many indeed are called James. This one was holy from his mother's womb. He drank neither wine nor strong drink, ate no flesh, never shaved or anointed himself with ointment or bathed. He alone had the privilege of entering the Holy of Holies, since indeed he did not use woolen vestments but linen and went alone into the temple and prayed in behalf of the people, insomuch that his knees were reputed to have acquired the hardness of camels' knees.

He says also many other things, too numerous to mention. Josephus also in the 20th book of his Antiquities, and Clement in the 7th of his Outlines mention that on the death of Festus who reigned over Judea, Albinus was sent by Nero as his successor. Before he had reached his province, Ananias the high priest, the youthful son of Ananus of the priestly class, taking advantage of the state of anarchy, assembled a council and publicly tried to force James to deny that Christ is the son of God. When he refused Ananius ordered him to be stoned. Cast down from a pinnacle of the temple, his legs broken, but still half alive, raising his hands to heaven he said, Lord forgive them for they know not what they do. Then struck on the head by the club of a fuller such a club as fullers are accustomed to wring out garments with — he died. This same Josephus records the tradition that this James was of so great sanctity and reputation among the people that the downfall of Jerusalem was believed to be on account of his death. He it is of whom the apostle Paul writes to the Galatians that No one else of the apostles did I see except James the brother of the Lord, and shortly after the event the Acts of the apostles bear witness to the matter. The Gospel also which is called the Gospel according to the Hebrews, and which I have recently translated into Greek and Latin and which also Origen often makes use of, after the account of the resurrection of the Saviour says, but the Lord, after he had given his grave clothes to the servant of the priest, appeared to James (for James had sworn that he would not eat bread from that hour in which he drank the cup of the Lord until he should see him rising again from among those that sleep) and again, a little later, it says 'Bring a table and bread,' said the Lord. And immediately it is added, He brought bread and blessed and broke and gave to James the Just and said to him, 'my brother eat your bread, for the son of man is risen from among those that sleep.' And so he ruled the church of Jerusalem thirty years, that is until the seventh year of Nero, and was buried near the temple from which he had been cast down. His tombstone with its inscription was well known until the siege of Titus and the end of Hadrian's reign. Some of our writers think he was buried in Mount Olivet, but they are mistaken.

## 3\. Matthew

Matthew, also called Levi, apostle and aforetimes publican, composed a gospel of Christ at first published in Judea in Hebrew for the sake of those of the circumcision who believed, but this was afterwards translated into Greek, though by what author is uncertain. The Hebrew itself has been preserved until the present day in the library at Cæsarea which Pamphilus so diligently gathered. I have also had the opportunity of having the volume described to me by the Nazarenes of Berœa, a city of Syria, who use it. In this it is to be noted that wherever the Evangelist, whether on his own account or in the person of our Lord the Saviour quotes the testimony of the Old Testament he does not follow the authority of the translators of the Septuagint but the Hebrew. Wherefore these two forms exist Out of Egypt have I called my son, and for he shall be called a Nazarene.

## 4\. Jude

Jude the brother of James, left a short epistle which is reckoned among the seven catholic epistles, and because in it he quotes from the apocryphal Book of Enoch it is rejected by many. Nevertheless by age and use it has gained authority and is reckoned among the Holy Scriptures.

## 5\. Paul

Paul, formerly called Saul, an apostle outside the number of the twelve apostles, was of the tribe of Benjamin and the town of Giscalis in Judea. When this was taken by the Romans he removed with his parents to Tarsus in Cilicia. Sent by them to Jerusalem to study law he was educated by Gamaliel, a most learned man whom Luke mentions. But after he had been present at the death of the martyr Stephen and had received letters from the high priest of the temple for the persecution of those who believed in Christ, he proceeded to Damascus, where constrained to faith by a revelation, as it is written in the Acts of the apostles, he was transformed from a persecutor into an elect vessel. As Sergius Paulus Proconsul of Cyprus was the first to believe in his preaching, he took his name from him because he had subdued him to faith in Christ, and having been joined by Barnabas, after traversing many cities, he returned to Jerusalem and was ordained apostle to the Gentiles by Peter, James and John. And because a full account of his life is given in the Acts of the Apostles, I only say this, that the twenty-fifth year after our Lord's passion, that is the second of Nero, at the time when Festus Procurator of Judea succeeded Felix, he was sent bound to Rome, and remaining for two years in free custody, disputed daily with the Jews concerning the advent of Christ. It ought to be said that at the first defense, the power of Nero having not yet been confirmed, nor his wickedness broken forth to such a degree as the histories relate concerning him, Paul was dismissed by Nero, that the gospel of Christ might be preached also in the West. As he himself writes in the second epistle to Timothy, at the time when he was about to be put to death dictating his epistle as he did while in chains; At my first defense no one took my part, but all forsook me: may it not be laid to their account. But the Lord stood by me and strengthened me; that through me the message might be fully proclaimed and that all the Gentiles might hear, and I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion — clearly indicating Nero as lion on account of his cruelty. And directly following he says The Lord delivered me from the mouth of the lion and again shortly The Lord delivered me from every evil work and saved me unto his heavenly kingdom, for indeed he felt within himself that his martyrdom was near at hand, for in the same epistle he announced for I am already being offered and the time of my departure is at hand. He then, in the fourteenth year of Nero on the same day with Peter, was beheaded at Rome for Christ's sake and was buried in the Ostian way, the twenty-seventh year after our Lord's passion. He wrote nine epistles to seven churches: _To the Romans_ one, _To the Corinthians_ two, _To the Galatians_ one, _To the Ephesians_ one, _To the Philippians_ one, _To the Colossians_ one, _To the Thessalonians_ two; and besides these to his disciples, _To Timothy_ two, _To Titus_ one, _To Philemon_ one. The epistle which is called the _Epistle to the Hebrews_ is not considered his, on account of its difference from the others in style and language, but it is reckoned, either according to Tertullian to be the work of Barnabas, or according to others, to be by Luke the Evangelist or Clement afterwards bishop of the church at Rome, who, they say, arranged and adorned the ideas of Paul in his own language, though to be sure, since Paul was writing to Hebrews and was in disrepute among them he may have omitted his name from the salutation on this account. He being a Hebrew wrote Hebrew, that is his own tongue and most fluently while the things which were eloquently written in Hebrew were more eloquently turned into Greek and this is the reason why it seems to differ from other epistles of Paul. Some read one also to the Laodiceans but it is rejected by everyone.

## 6\. Barnabas

Barnabas the Cyprian, also called Joseph the Levite, ordained apostle to the Gentiles with Paul, wrote one _Epistle_, valuable for the edification of the church, which is reckoned among the apocryphal writings. He afterwards separated from Paul on account of John, a disciple also called Mark, none the less exercised the work laid upon him of preaching the Gospel.

## 7\. Luke

Luke a physician of Antioch, as his writings indicate, was not unskilled in the Greek language. An adherent of the apostle Paul, and companion of all his journeying, he wrote a _Gospel_, concerning which the same Paul says, We send with him a brother whose praise in the gospel is among all the churches and to the Colossians Luke the beloved physician salutes you, and to Timothy Luke only is with me. He also wrote another excellent volume to which he prefixed the title _Acts of the Apostles_, a history which extends to the second year of Paul's sojourn at Rome, that is to the fourth year of Nero, from which we learn that the book was composed in that same city. Therefore the _Acts of Paul and Thecla_ and all the fable about the lion baptized by him we reckon among the apocryphal writings, for how is it possible that the inseparable companion of the apostle in his other affairs, alone should have been ignorant of this thing. Moreover Tertullian who lived near those times, mentions a certain presbyter in Asia, an adherent of the apostle Paul, who was convicted by John of having been the author of the book, and who, confessing that he did this for love of Paul, resigned his office of presbyter. Some suppose that whenever Paul in his epistle says according to my gospel he means the book of Luke and that Luke not only was taught the gospel history by the apostle Paul who was not with the Lord in the flesh, but also by other apostles. This he too at the beginning of his work declares, saying Even as they delivered unto us, which from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word. So he wrote the gospel as he had heard it, but composed the Acts of the Apostles as he himself had seen. He was buried at Constantinople to which city, in the twentieth year of Constantius, his bones together with the remains of Andrew the apostle were transferred.

## 8\. Mark

Mark the disciple and interpreter of Peter wrote a short gospel at the request of the brethren at Rome embodying what he had heard Peter tell. When Peter had heard this, he approved it and published it to the churches to be read by his authority as Clemens in the sixth book of his Hypotyposes and Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, record. Peter also mentions this Mark in his first epistle, figuratively indicating Rome under the name of Babylon She who is in Babylon elect together with you salutes you and so does Mark my son. So, taking the gospel which he himself composed, he went to Egypt and first preaching Christ at Alexandria he formed a church so admirable in doctrine and continence of living that he constrained all followers of Christ to his example. Philo most learned of the Jews seeing the first church at Alexandria still Jewish in a degree, wrote a book on their manner of life as something creditable to his nation telling how, as Luke says, the believers had all things in common at Jerusalem, so he recorded that he saw was done at Alexandria, under the learned Mark. He died in the eighth year of Nero and was buried at Alexandria, Annianus succeeding him.

## 9\. John the Apostle

John, the apostle whom Jesus most loved, the son of Zebedee and brother of James, the apostle whom Herod, after our Lord's passion, beheaded, most recently of all the evangelists wrote a _Gospel_, at the request of the bishops of Asia, against Cerinthus and other heretics and especially against the then growing dogma of the Ebionites, who assert that Christ did not exist before Mary. On this account he was compelled to maintain His divine nativity. But there is said to be yet another reason for this work, in that when he had read Matthew, Mark, and Luke, he approved indeed the substance of the history and declared that the things they said were true, but that they had given the history of only one year, the one, that is, which follows the imprisonment of John and in which he was put to death. So passing by this year the events of which had been set forth by these, he related the events of the earlier period before John was shut up in prison, so that it might be manifest to those who should diligently read the volumes of the four Evangelists. This also takes away the discrepancy which there seems to be between John and the others. He wrote also one _Epistle_ which begins as follows That which was from the beginning, that which we have heard, that which we have seen with our eyes and our hands handled concerning the word of life which is esteemed of by all men who are interested in the church or in learning. The other two of which the first is The elder to the elect lady and her children and the other The elder unto Gaius the beloved whom I love in truth, are said to be the work of John the presbyter to the memory of whom another sepulchre is shown at Ephesus to the present day, though some think that there are two memorials of this same John the evangelist. We shall treat of this matter in its turn when we come to Papias his disciple. In the fourteenth year then after Nero Domitian having raised a second persecution he was banished to the island of Patmos, and wrote the _Apocalypse_, on which Justin Martyr and Irenæus afterwards wrote commentaries. But Domitian having been put to death and his acts, on account of his excessive cruelty, having been annulled by the senate, he returned to Ephesus under Pertinax and continuing there until the time of the Emperor Trajan, founded and built churches throughout all Asia, and, worn out by old age, died in the sixty-eighth year after our Lord's passion and was buried near the same city.

## 10\. Hermas

Hermas whom the apostle Paul mentions in writing to the Romans Salute Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas and the brethren that are with them is reputed to be the author of the book which is called _Pastor_ and which is also read publicly in some churches of Greece. It is in fact a useful book and many of the ancient writers quote from it as authority, but among the Latins it is almost unknown.

## 11\. Philo the Jew

Philo the Jew, an Alexandrian of the priestly class, is placed by us among the ecclesiastical writers on the ground that, writing a book concerning the first church of Mark the evangelist at Alexandria, he writes to our praise, declaring not only that they were there, but also that they were in many provinces and calling their habitations monasteries. From this it appears that the church of those that believed in Christ at first, was such as now the monks desire to imitate, that is, such that nothing is the peculiar property of any one of them, none of them rich, none poor, that patrimonies are divided among the needy, that they have leisure for prayer and psalms, for doctrine also and ascetic practice, that they were in fact as Luke declares believers were at first at Jerusalem. They say that under Caius Caligula he ventured to Rome, whither he had been sent as legate of his nation, and that when a second time he had come to Claudius, he spoke in the same city with the apostle Peter and enjoyed his friendship, and for this reason also adorned the adherents of Mark, Peter's disciple at Alexandria, with his praises. There are distinguished and innumerable works by this man: _On the five books of Moses_, one book _Concerning the confusion of tongues_, one book _On nature and invention_, one book _On the things which our senses desire and we detest_, one book _On learning_, one book _On the heir of divine things_, one book _On the division of equals and contraries_, one book _On the three virtues_, one book _On why in Scripture the names of many persons are changed_, two books _On covenants_, one book _On the life of a wise man_, one book _Concerning giants_, five books _That dreams are sent by God_, five books of _Questions and answers on Exodus_, four books _On the tabernacle and the Decalogue_, as well as books _On victims and promises or curses, On Providence, On the Jews, On the manner of one's life, On Alexander_, and _That dumb beasts have right reason_, and _That every fool should be a slave_, and _On the lives of the Christians_, of which we spoke above, that is, lives of apostolic men, which also he entitled, _On those who practice the divine life_, because in truth they contemplate divine things and ever pray to God, also under other categories, two _On agriculture_, two _On drunkenness._ There are other monuments of his genius which have not come to our hands. Concerning him there is a proverb among the Greeks Either Plato philonized, or Philo platonized, that is, either Plato followed Philo, or Philo, Plato, so great is the similarity of ideas and language.

## 12\. Seneca the Younger

Lucius Annæus Seneca of Cordova, disciple of the Stoic Sotion and uncle of Lucan the Poet, was a man of most continent life, whom I should not place in the category of saints were it not that those _Epistles of Paul to Seneca and Seneca_ _to Paul_, which are read by many, provoke me. In these, written when he was tutor of Nero and the most powerful man of that time, he says that he would like to hold such a place among his countrymen as Paul held among Christians. He was put to death by Nero two years before Peter and Paul were crowned with martyrdom.

## 13\. Josephus

Josephus, the son of Matthias, priest of Jerusalem, taken prisoner by Vespasian and his son Titus, was banished. Coming to Rome he presented to the emperors, father and son, seven books _On the captivity of the Jews_, which were deposited in the public library and, on account of his genius, was found worthy of a statue at Rome. He wrote also twenty books of _Antiquities_, from the beginning of the world until the fourteenth year of Domitian Cæsar, and two of _Antiquities against Appion_, the grammarian of Alexandria who, under Caligula, sent as legate on the part of the Gentiles against Philo, wrote also a book containing a vituperation of the Jewish nation. Another book of his entitled, _On all ruling wisdom_, in which the martyr deaths of the Maccabeans are related is highly esteemed. In the eighth book of his _Antiquities_ he most openly acknowledges that Christ was slain by the Pharisees on account of the greatness of his miracles, that John the Baptist was truly a prophet, and that Jerusalem was destroyed because of the murder of James the apostle. He wrote also concerning the Lord after this fashion: In this same time was Jesus, a wise man, if indeed it be lawful to call him man. For he was a worker of wonderful miracles, and a teacher of those who freely receive the truth. He had very many adherents also, both of the Jews and of the Gentiles, and was believed to be Christ, and when through the envy of our chief men Pilate had crucified him, nevertheless those who had loved him at first continued to the end, for he appeared to them the third day alive. Many things, both these and other wonderful things are in the songs of the prophets who prophesied concerning him and the sect of Christians, so named from Him, exists to the present day.

## 14\. Justus

Justus, of Tiberias of the province Galilee, also attempted to write a _History of Jewish affairs_ and certain brief _Commentaries_ on the Scriptures but Josephus convicts him of falsehood. It is known that he wrote at the same time as Josephus himself.

## 15\. Pope Clement

Clement, of whom the apostle Paul writing to the Philippians says With Clement and others of my fellow-workers whose names are written in the book of life, the fourth bishop of Rome after Peter, if indeed the second was Linus and the third Anacletus, although most of the Latins think that Clement was second after the apostle. He wrote, on the part of the church of Rome, an especially valuable _Letter to the church of the Corinthians_, which in some places is publicly read, and which seems to me to agree in style with the epistle to the Hebrews which passes under the name of Paul but it differs from this same epistle, not only in many of its ideas, but also in respect of the order of words, and its likeness in either respect is not very great. There is also a second _Epistle_ under his name which is rejected by earlier writers, and a _Disputation between Peter and Appion_ written out at length, which Eusebius in the third book of his Church history rejects. He died in the third year of Trajan and a church built at Rome preserves the memory of his name unto this day.

## 16\. Ignatius of Antioch

Ignatius, third bishop of the church of Antioch after Peter the apostle, condemned to the wild beasts during the persecution of Trajan, was sent bound to Rome, and when he had come on his voyage as far as Smyrna, where Polycarp the pupil of John was bishop, he wrote one epistle _To the Ephesians_, another _To the Magnesians_, a third _To the Trallians_, a fourth _To the Romans_, and going thence, he wrote _To the Philadelphians_ and _To the Smyrneans_ and especially _To Polycarp_, commending to him the church at Antioch. In this last he bore witness to the Gospel which I have recently translated, in respect of the person of Christ saying, I indeed saw him in the flesh after the resurrection and I believe that he is, and when he came to Peter and those who were with Peter, he said to them Behold! Touch me and see me how that I am not an incorporeal spirit and straightway they touched him and believed. Moreover it seems worth while inasmuch as we have made mention of such a man and of the _Epistle_ which he wrote _to the Romans_, to give a few quotations : From Syria even unto Rome I fight with wild beasts, by land and by sea, by night and by day, being bound amidst ten leopards, that is to say soldiers who guard me and who only become worse when they are well treated. Their wrong doing, however is my schoolmaster, but I am not thereby justified. May I have joy of the beasts that are prepared for me; and I pray that I may find them ready; I will even coax them to devour me quickly that they may not treat me as they have some whom they have refused to touch through fear. And if they are unwilling, I will compel them to devour me. Forgive me my children, I know what is expedient for me. Now do I begin to be a disciple, and desire none of the things visible that I may attain unto Jesus Christ. Let fire and cross and attacks of wild beasts, let wrenching of bones, cutting apart of limbs, crushing of the whole body, tortures of the devil — let all these come upon me if only I may attain unto the joy which is in Christ.

When he had been condemned to the wild beasts and with zeal for martyrdom heard the lions roaring, he said I am the grain of Christ. I am ground by the teeth of the wild beasts that I may be found the bread of the world. He was put to death the eleventh year of Trajan and the remains of his body lie in Antioch outside the Daphnitic gate in the cemetery.

## 17\. Polycarp

Polycarp disciple of the apostle John and by him ordained bishop of Smyrna was chief of all Asia, where he saw and had as teachers some of the apostles and of those who had seen the Lord. He, on account of certain questions concerning the day of the Passover, went to Rome in the time of the emperor Antoninus Pius while Anicetus ruled the church in that city. There he led back to the faith many of the believers who had been deceived through the persuasion of Marcion and Valentinus, and when Marcion met him by chance and said Do you know us he replied, I know the firstborn of the devil. Afterwards during the reign of Marcus Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus in the fourth persecution after Nero, in the presence of the proconsul holding court at Smyrna and all the people crying out against him in the Amphitheater, he was burned. He wrote a very valuable _Epistle to the Philippians_ which is read to the present day in the meetings in Asia.

## 18\. Papias

Papias, the pupil of John, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia, wrote only five volumes, which he entitled _Exposition of the words of our Lord_, in which, when he had asserted in his preface that he did not follow various opinions but had the apostles for authority, he said I considered what Andrew and Peter said, what Philip, what Thomas, what James, what John, what Matthew or any one else among the disciples of our Lord, what also Aristion and the elder John, disciples of the Lord had said, not so much that I have their books to read, as that their living voice is heard until the present day in the authors themselves. It appears through this catalogue of names that the John who is placed among the disciples is not the same as the elder John whom he places after Aristion in his enumeration. This we say moreover because of the opinion mentioned above, where we record that it is declared by many that the last two epistles of John are the work not of the apostle but of the presbyter.

He is said to have published a _Second coming of Our Lord or Millennium._ Irenæus and Apollinaris and others who say that after the resurrection the Lord will reign in the flesh with the saints, follow him. Tertullian also in his work _On the hope of the faithful_, Victorinus of Petau and Lactantius follow this view.

## 19\. Quadratus

Quadratus, disciple of the apostles, after Publius bishop of Athens had been crowned with martyrdom on account of his faith in Christ, was substituted in his place, and by his faith and industry gathered the church scattered by reason of its great fear. And when Hadrian passed the winter at Athens to witness the Eleusinian mysteries and was initiated into almost all the sacred mysteries of Greece, those who hated the Christians took opportunity without instructions from the Emperor to harass the believers. At this time he presented to Hadrian a work composed in behalf of our religion, indispensable, full of sound argument and faith and worthy of the apostolic teaching. In which, illustrating the antiquity of his period, he says that he has seen many who, oppressed by various ills, were healed by the Lord in Judea as well as some who had been raised from the dead.

## 20\. Aristides

Aristides a most eloquent Athenian philosopher, and a disciple of Christ while yet retaining his philosopher's garb, presented a work to Hadrian at the same time that Quadratus presented his. The work contained a systematic statement of our doctrine, that is, an _Apology_ for the Christians, which is still extant and is regarded by philologians as a monument to his genius.

## 21\. Agrippa Castor

Agrippa surnamed Castor, a man of great learning, wrote a strong refutation of the twenty-four volumes which Basilides the heretic had written against the Gospel, disclosing all his mysteries and enumerating the prophets Barcabbas and Barchob and all the other barbarous names which terrify the hearers, and his most high God Abraxas, whose name was supposed to contain the year according to the reckoning of the Greeks. Basilides died at Alexandria in the reign of Hadrian, and from him the Gnostic sects arose. In this tempestuous time also, Cochebas leader of the Jewish faction put Christians to death with various tortures.

## 22\. Hegesippus

Hegesippus who lived at a period not far from the Apostolic age, writing a _History_ of all ecclesiastical events from the passion of our Lord, down to his own period, and gathering many things useful to the reader, composed five volumes in simple style, trying to represent the style of speaking of those whose lives he treated. He says that he went to Rome in the time of Anicetus, the tenth bishop after Peter, and continued there till the time of Eleutherius, bishop of the same city, who had been formerly deacon under Anicetus. Moreover, arguing against idols, he wrote a history, showing from what error they had first arisen, and this work indicates in what age he flourished. He says, They built monuments and temples to their dead as we see up to the present day, such as the one to Antinous, servant to the Emperor Hadrian, in whose honour also games were celebrated, and a city founded bearing his name, and a temple with priests established. The Emperor Hadrian is said to have been enamoured of Antinous.

## 23\. Justin Martyr

Justin, a philosopher, and wearing the garb of philosopher, a citizen of Neapolis, a city of Palestine, and the son of Priscus Bacchius, laboured strenuously in behalf of the religion of Christ, insomuch that he delivered to Antoninus Pius and his sons and the senate, a work written _Against the nations_, and did not shun the ignominy of the cross. He addressed another book also to the successors of this Antoninus, Marcus Antoninus Verus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus. Another volume of his _Against the nations_, is also extant, where he discusses the nature of demons, and a fourth against the nations which he entitled, _Refutation_ and yet another _On the sovereignty of God_, and another book which he entitled, _Psaltes_, and another _On the Soul_, the _Dialogue against the Jews_, which he held against Trypho, the leader of the Jews, and also notable volumes _Against Marcion_, which Irenæus also mentions in the fourth book _Against heresies_, also another book _Against all heresies_ which he mentions in the _Apology_ which is addressed to Antoninus Pius. He, when he had held διατριβάς in the city of Rome, and had convicted Crescens the cynic, who said many blasphemous things against the Christians, of gluttony and fear of death, and had proved him devoted to luxury and lusts, at last, accused of being a Christian, through the efforts and wiles of Crescens, he shed his blood for Christ.

## 24\. Melito

Melito of Asia, bishop of Sardis, addressed a book to the emperor Marcus Antoninus Verus, a disciple of Fronto the orator, in behalf of the Christian doctrine. He wrote other things also, among which are the following: _On the passover_, two books, one book _On the lives of the prophets_, one book _On the church_, one book _On the_ _Lord's day_, one book _On faith_, one book _On the psalms_ (?) one _On the senses_, one _On the soul and body_, one _On baptism_, one _On truth_, one _On the generation of Christ_, _On His prophecy_ one _On hospitality_ and another which is called the _Key_— one _On the devil_, one _On the Apocalypse of John_, one _On the corporeality of God_, and six books of _Eclogues._ Of his fine oratorical genius, Tertullian, in the seven books which he wrote against the church on behalf of Montanus, satirically says that he was considered a prophet by many of us.

## 25\. Theophilus of Antioch

Theophilus, sixth bishop of the church of Antioch, in the reign of the emperor Marcus Antoninus Verus composed a book _Against Marcion_, which is still extant, also three volumes _To Autolycus_ and one _Against the heresy of Hermogenes_ and other short and elegant treatises, well fitted for the edification of the church. I have read, under his name, commentaries _On the Gospel_ and _On the proverbs of Solomon_ which do not appear to me to correspond in style and language with the elegance and expressiveness of the above works.

## 26\. Apollinaris Claudius

Apollinaris, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia, flourished in the reign of Marcus Antoninus Verus, to whom he addressed a notable volume in behalf of the faith of the Christians. There are extant also five other books of his _Against the Nations_, two _On truth_ and _Against the Cataphrygians_ written at the time when Montanus was making a beginning with Prisca and Maximilla.

## 27\. Dionysius of Corinth

Dionysius, bishop of the church of Corinth, was of so great eloquence and industry that he taught not only the people of his own city and province but also those of other provinces and cities by his letters. Of these one is _To the Lacedæmonians_, another _To the Athenians_, a third _To the Nicomedians_, a fourth _To the Cretans_, a fifth _To the church at Amastrina and to the other churches of Pontus_, a sixth _To the Gnosians and to Pinytus bishop of the same city_, a seventh _To the Romans_, addressed to Soter their bishop, an eighth _To Chrysophora_ a holy woman. He flourished in the reign of Marcus Antoninus Verus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus.

## 28\. Pinytus

Pinytus of Crete, bishop of the city of Gnosus, wrote to Dionysius, bishop of the Corinthians, an exceedingly elegant letter in which he teaches that the people are not to be forever fed on milk, lest by chance they be overtaken by the last day while yet infants, but that they ought to be fed also on solid food, that they may go on to a spiritual old age. He flourished under Marcus Antoninus Verus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus.

## 29\. Tatian

Tatian who, while teaching oratory, won not a little glory in the rhetorical art, was a follower of Justin Martyr and was distinguished so long as he did not leave his master's side. But afterwards, inflated by a swelling of eloquence, he founded a new heresy which is called that of the Encratites, the heresy which Severus afterwards augmented in such wise that heretics of this party are called Severians to the present day. Tatian wrote besides innumerable volumes, one of which, a most successful book _Against the nations_, is extant, and this is considered the most significant of all his works. He flourished in the reign of Marcus Antoninus Verus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus.

## 30\. Phillip of Crete

Philip bishop of Crete, that is of the city of Gortina, whom Dionysius mentions in the epistle which he wrote to the church of the same city, published a remarkable book _Against Marcion_ and flourished in the time of Marcus Antoninus Verus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus.

## 31\. Musanus

Musanus, not inconsiderable among those who have written on ecclesiastical doctrine, in the reign of Marcus Antoninus Verus wrote a book to certain brethren who had turned aside from the church to the heresy of the Encratites.

## 32\. Modestus

Modestus also in the reign of Marcus Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus wrote a book _Against Marcion_ which is still extant. Some other compositions pass under his name but are regarded by scholars as spurious.

## 33\. Bardesanes

Bardesanes of Mesopotamia is reckoned among the distinguished men. He was at first a follower of Valentinus and afterwards his opponent and himself founded a new heresy. He has the reputation among the Syrians of having been a brilliant genius and vehement in argument. He wrote a multitude of works against almost all heresies which had come into existence in his time. Among these a most remarkable and strong work is the one which he addressed to Marcus Antoninus _On fate_, and many other volumes _On persecution_ which his followers translated from the Syriac language into Greek. If indeed so much force and brilliancy appears in the translation, how great it must have been in the original.

## 34\. Pope Victor

Victor, thirteenth bishop of Rome, wrote, _On the Paschal Controversy_ and some other small works. He ruled the church for ten years in the reign of the Emperor Severus.

## 35\. Irenæus

Irenæus, a presbyter under Pothinus the bishop who ruled the church of Lyons in Gaul, being sent to Rome as legate by the martyrs of this place, on account of certain ecclesiastical questions, presented to Bishop Eleutherius certain letters under his own name which are worthy of honour. Afterwards when Pothinus, nearly ninety years of age, received the crown of martyrdom for Christ, he was put in his place. It is certain too that he was a disciple of Polycarp, the priest and martyr, whom we mentioned above. He wrote five books _Against heresies_ and a short volume, _Against the nations_ and another _On discipline_, a letter to Marcianus his brother _On apostolic preaching_, a book of _Various treatises_; also to Blastus, _On schism_, to Florinus _On monarchy_ or _That God is not the author of evil_, also an excellent _Commentary on the Ogdoad_ at the end of which indicating that he was near the apostolic period he wrote I adjure you whosoever shall transcribe this book, by our Lord Jesus Christ and by his glorious advent at which He shall judge the quick and the dead, that you diligently compare, after you have transcribed, and amend it according to the copy from which you have transcribed it and also that you shall similarly transcribe this adjuration as you find it in your pattern. Other works of his are in circulation to wit: to Victor the Roman bishop _On the Paschal controversy_ in which he warns him not lightly to break the unity of the fraternity, if indeed Victor believed that the many bishops of Asia and the East, who with the Jews celebrated the passover, on the fourteenth day of the new moon, were to be condemned. But even those who differed from them did not support Victor in his opinion. He flourished chiefly in the reign of the Emperor Commodus, who succeeded Marcus Antoninus Verus in power.

## 36\. Pantænus

Pantaenus, a philosopher of the stoic school, according to some old Alexandrian custom, where, from the time of Mark the evangelist the ecclesiastics were always doctors, was of so great prudence and erudition both in scripture and secular literature that, on the request of the legates of that nation, he was sent to India by Demetrius bishop of Alexandria, where he found that Bartholomew, one of the twelve apostles, had preached the advent of the Lord Jesus according to the gospel of Matthew, and on his return to Alexandria he brought this with him written in Hebrew characters. Many of his commentaries on Holy Scripture are indeed extant, but his living voice was of still greater benefit to the churches. He taught in the reigns of the emperor Severus and Antoninus surnamed Caracalla.

## 37\. Rhodo

Rhodo, a native of Asia, instructed in the Scriptures at Rome by Tatian whom we mentioned above, published many things especially a work _Against Marcion_ in which he tells how the Marcionites differ from one another as well as from the church and says that the aged Apelles, another heretic, was once engaged in a discussion with him, and that he, Rhodo, held Apelles up to ridicule because he declared that he did not know the God whom he worshipped. He mentioned in the same book, which he wrote to Callistion, that he had been a pupil of Tatian at Rome. He also composed elegant treatises _On the six days of creation_ and a notable work _Against the Phrygians_. He flourished in the reigns of Commodus and Severus.

## 38\. Clement of Alexandria

Clemens, presbyter of the Alexandrian church, and a pupil of the Pantaenus mentioned above, led the theological school at Alexandria after the death of his master and was teacher of the Catechetes. He is the author of notable volumes, full of eloquence and learning, both in sacred Scripture and in secular literature; among these are the _Stromata_, eight books, _Hypotyposes_ eight books, _Against the nations_ one book, _On pedagogy_ three books, _On the Passover, Disquisition on fasting_ and another book entitled, _What rich man is saved_? One book _On Calumny, On ecclesiastical canons and against those who follow the error of the Jews_, one book which he addressed to Alexander bishop of Jerusalem. He also mentions in his volumes of _Stromata_ the work of Tatian _Against the nations_ which we mentioned above and a _Chronography_ of one Cassianus, a work which I have not been able to find. He also mentioned certain Jewish writers against the nations, one Aristobulus and Demetrius and Eupolemus who after the example of Josephus asserted the primacy of Moses and the Jewish people. There is a letter of Alexander the bishop of Jerusalem who afterwards ruled the church with Narcissus, on the ordination of Asclepiades the confessor, addressed to the Antiochians congratulating them, at the end of which he says these writings honoured brethren I have sent to you by the blessed presbyter Clement, a man illustrious and approved, whom you also know and with whom now you will become better acquainted a man who, when he had come hither by the special providence of God, strengthened and enlarged the church of God. Origen is known to have been his disciple. He flourished moreover during the reigns of Severus and his son Antoninus.

## 39\. Miltiades

Miltiades of whom Rhodo gives an account in the work which he wrote against Montanus, Prisca and Maximilla, wrote a considerable volume against these same persons, and other books _Against the nations and the Jews_ and addressed an _Apology_ to the then ruling emperors. He flourished in the reign of Marcus Antoninus and Commodus.

## 40\. Apollonius of Ephesus

Apollonius, an exceedingly talented man, wrote against Montanus, Prisca and Maximilla a notable and lengthy volume, in which he asserts that Montanus and his mad prophetesses died by hanging, and many other things, among which are the following concerning Prisca and Maximilla, if they denied that they have accepted gifts, let them confess that those who do accept are not prophets and I will prove by a thousand witnesses that they have received gifts, for it is by other fruits that prophets are shown to be prophets indeed. Tell me, does a prophet dye his hair? Does a prophet stain her eyelids with antimony? Is a prophet adorned with fine garments and precious stones? Does a prophet play with dice and tables? Does he accept usury? Let them respond whether this ought to be permitted or not, it will be my task to prove that they do these things. He says in the same book, that the time when he wrote the work was the fortieth year after the beginning of the heresy of the Cataphrygians. Tertullian added to the six volumes which he wrote _On ecstasy_ against the church a seventh, directed especially against Apollonius, in which he attempts to defend all which Apollonius refuted. Apollonius flourished in the reigns of Commodus and Severus.

## 41\. Serapion of Antioch

Serapion, ordained bishop of Antioch in the eleventh year of the emperor Commodus, wrote a letter to Caricus and Pontius on the heresy of Montanus, in which he said that you may know moreover that the madness of this false doctrine, that is the doctrine of a new prophecy, is reprobated by all the world, I have sent to you the letters of the most holy Apollinaris bishop of Hierapolis in Asia. He wrote a volume also to Domnus, who in time of persecution went over to the Jews, and another work on the gospel which passes under the name of Peter, a work to the church of the Rhosenses in Cilicia who by the reading of this book had turned aside to heresy. There are here and there short letters of his, harmonious in character with the ascetic life of their author.

## 42\. Senator Apollonius

Apollonius, a Roman senator under the emperor Commodus, having been denounced by a slave as a Christian, gained permission to give a reason for his faith and wrote a remarkable volume which he read in the senate, yet none the less, by the will of the senate, he was beheaded for Christ by virtue of an ancient law among them, that Christians who had once been brought before their judgment seat should not be dismissed unless they recanted.

## 43\. Theophilus of Cæsarea

Theophilus, bishop of Cæsarea in Palestine, the city formerly called Turris Stratonis, in the reign of the emperor Severus wrote, in conjunction with other bishops, a synodical letter of great utility against those who celebrated the passover with the Jews on the fourteenth day of the month.

## 44\. Baccylus

Bacchylus, bishop of Corinth, was held in renown under the same emperor Severus, and wrote, as representative of all the bishops who were in Achaia, an elegant work _On the passover._

## 45\. Polycrates of Ephesus

Polycrates bishop of the Ephesians with other bishops of Asia who in accordance with some ancient custom celebrated the passover with the Jews on the fourteenth of the month, wrote a synodical letter against Victor bishop of Rome in which he says that he follows the authority of the apostle John and of the ancients. From this we make the following brief quotations, We therefore celebrate the day according to usage, inviolably, neither adding anything to nor taking anything from it, for in Asia lie the remains of the greatest saints of those who shall rise again on the day of the Lord, when he shall come in majesty from heaven and shall quicken all the saints, I mean Philip one of the twelve apostles who sleeps at Hierapolis and his two daughters who were virgins until their death and another daughter of his who died at Ephesus full of the Holy Spirit. And John too, who lay on Our Lord's breast and was his high priest carrying the golden frontlet on his forehead, both martyr and doctor, fell asleep at Ephesus and Polycarp bishop and martyr died at Smyrna. Thraseas of Eumenia also, bishop and martyr, rests in the same Smyrna. What need is there of mentioning Sagaris, bishop and martyr, who sleeps in Laodicea and the blessed Papyrus and Melito, eunuch in the Holy Spirit, who, ever serving the Lord, was laid to rest in Sardis and there awaits his resurrection at Christ's advent. These all observed the day of the passover on the fourteenth of the month, in nowise departing from the evangelical tradition and following the ecclesiastical canon. I also, Polycrates, the least of all your servants, according to the doctrine of my relatives which I also have followed (for there were seven of my relatives bishops indeed and I the eighth) have always celebrated the passover when the Jewish people celebrated the putting away of the leaven. And so brethren being sixty-five years old in the Lord and instructed by many brethren from all parts of the world, and having searched all the Scriptures, I will not fear those who threaten us, for my predecessors said It is fitting to obey God rather than men. I quote this to show through a small example the genius and authority of the man. He flourished in the reign of the emperor Severus in the same period as Narcissus of Jerusalem.

## 46\. Heraclitus

Heraclitus in the reign of Commodus and Severus wrote commentaries on the Acts and Epistles.

## 47\. Maximus of Jerusalem

Maximus, under the same emperors propounded in a remarkable volume the famous questions, _What is the origin of evil_? And _Whether matter is made by God_.

## 48\. Candidus

Candidus under the above mentioned emperors published most admirable treatises _On the six days of creation._

## 49\. Appion

Appion under the emperor Severus likewise wrote treatises _On the six days of creation._

## 50\. Sextus

Sextus in the reign of the emperor Severus wrote a book _On the resurrection._

## 51\. Arabianus

Arabianus under the same emperor published certain small works relating to christian doctrine.

## 52\. Judas

Judas, discussed at length the seventy weeks mentioned in Daniel and wrote a _Chronography_ of former times which he brought up to the tenth year of Severus. He is convicted of error in respect of this work in that he prophesied that the advent of Anti-Christ would be about his period, but this was because the greatness of the persecutions seemed to forebode the end of the world.

## 53\. Tertullian

Tertullian the presbyter, now regarded as chief of the Latin writers after Victor and Apollonius, was from the city of Carthage in the province of Africa, and was the son of a proconsul or Centurion, a man of keen and vigorous character, he flourished chiefly in the reign of the emperor Severus and Antoninus Caracalla and wrote many volumes which we pass by because they are well known to most. I myself have seen a certain Paul an old man of Concordia, a town of Italy, who, while he himself was a very young man had been secretary to the blessed Cyprian who was already advanced in age. He said that he himself had seen how Cyprian was accustomed never to pass a day without reading Tertullian, and that he frequently said to him, Give me the master, meaning by this, Tertullian. He was presbyter of the church until middle life, afterwards driven by the envy and abuse of the clergy of the Roman church, he lapsed to the doctrine of Montanus, and mentions the new prophecy in many of his books.

He composed, moreover, directly against the church, volumes: _On modesty, On persecution, On fasts, On monogamy_, six books _On ecstasy_, and a seventh which he wrote _Against Apollonius._ He is said to have lived to a decrepit old age, and to have composed many small works, which are not extant.

## 54\. Origen

Origen, surnamed Adamantius, a persecution having been raised against the Christians in the tenth year of Severus Pertinax, and his father Leonidas having received the crown of martyrdom for Christ, was left at the age of about seventeen, with his six brothers and widowed mother, in poverty, for their property had been confiscated because of confessing Christ. When only eighteen years old, he undertook the work of instructing the Catechetes in the scattered churches of Alexandria. Afterwards appointed by Demetrius, bishop of this city, successor to the presbyter Clement, he flourished many years. When he had already reached middle life, on account of the churches of Achaia, which were torn with many heresies, he was journeying to Athens, by way of Palestine, under the authority of an ecclesiastical letter, and having been ordained presbyter by Theoctistus and Alexander, bishops of Cæsarea and Jerusalem, he offended Demetrius, who was so wildly enraged at him that he wrote everywhere to injure his reputation. It is known that before he went to Cæsarea, he had been at Rome, under Bishop Zephyrinus. Immediately on his return to Alexandria he made Heraclas the presbyter, who continued to wear his philosopher's garb, his assistant in the school for catechetes. Heraclas became bishop of the church of Alexandria, after Demetrius. How great the glory of Origen was, appears from the fact that Firmilianus, bishop of Cæsarea, with all the Cappadocian bishops, sought a visit from him, and entertained him for a long while. Sometime afterwards, going to Palestine to visit the holy places, he came to Cæsarea and was instructed at length by Origen in the Holy Scriptures. It appears also from the fact that he went to Antioch, on the request of Mammaea, mother of the Emperor Alexander, and a woman religiously disposed, and was there held in great honour, and sent letters to the Emperor Philip, who was the first among the Roman rulers, to become a christian, and to his mother, letters which are still extant. Who is there, who does not also know that he was so assiduous in the study of Holy Scriptures, that contrary to the spirit of his time, and of his people, he learned the Hebrew language, and taking the Septuagint translation, he gathered the other translations also in a single work, namely, that of Aquila, of Ponticus the Proselyte, and Theodotian the Ebonite, and Symmachus an adherent of the same sect who wrote commentaries also on the gospel according to Matthew, from which he tried to establish his doctrine. And besides these, a fifth, sixth, and seventh translation, which we also have from his library, he sought out with great diligence, and compared with other editions. And since I have given a list of his works, in the volumes of letters which I have written to Paula, in a letter which I wrote against the works of Varro, I pass this by now, not failing however, to make mention of his immortal genius, how that he understood dialectics, as well as geometry, arithmetic, music, grammar, and rhetoric, and taught all the schools of philosophers, in such wise that he had also diligent students in secular literature, and lectured to them daily, and the crowds which flocked to him were marvellous. These, he received in the hope that through the instrumentality of this secular literature, he might establish them in the faith of Christ.

It is unnecessary to speak of the cruelty of that persecution which was raised against the Christians and under Decius, who was mad against the religion of Philip, whom he had slain, — the persecution in which Fabianus, bishop of the Roman church, perished at Rome, and Alexander and Babylas, Pontifs of the churches of Jerusalem and Antioch, were imprisoned for their confession of Christ. If any one wishes to know what was done in regard to the position of Origen, he can clearly learn, first indeed from his own epistles, which after the persecution, were sent to different ones, and secondly, from the sixth book of the church history of Eusebius of Cæsarea, and from his six volumes in behalf of the same Origen.

He lived until the time of Gallus and Volusianus, that is, until his sixty-ninth year, and died at Tyre, in which city he also was buried.

## 55\. Ammonius

Ammonius, a talented man of great philosophical learning, was distinguished at Alexandria, at the same time. Among many and distinguished monuments of his genius, is the elaborate work which he composed _On the harmony of Moses and Jesus_, and the _Gospel canons_, which he worked out, and which Eusebius of Cæsarea, afterwards followed. Porphyry falsely accused him of having become a heathen again, after being a Christian, but it is certain that he continued a Christian until the very end of his life.

## 56\. Ambrose the Deacon

Ambrosius, at first a Marcionite but afterwards set right by Origen, was deacon in the church, and gloriously distinguished as confessor of the Lord. To him, together with Protoctetus the presbyter, the book of Origen, _On martyrdom_ was written. Aided by his industry, funds, and perseverance, Origen dictated a great number of volumes. He himself, as befits a man of noble nature, was of no mean literary talent, as his letters to Origen indicate. He died moreover, before the death of Origen, and is condemned by many, in that being a man of wealth, he did not at death, remember in his will, his old and needy friend.

## 57\. Trypho

Trypho, pupil of Origen, to whom some of his extant letters are addressed, was very learned in the Scriptures, and this many of his works show here and there, but especially the book which he composed _On the red heifer_ in Deuteronomy, and _On the halves_, which with the pigeon and the turtledoves were offered by Abraham as recorded in Genesis.

## 58\. Minucius Felix

Minucius Felix, a distinguished advocate of Rome, wrote a dialogue representing a discussion between a Christian and a Gentile, which is entitled _Octavius_, and still another work passes current in his name, _On fate_, or _Against the mathematicians_, but this although it is the work of a talented man, does not seem to me to correspond in style with the above mentioned work. Lactantius also mentions this Minucius in his works.

## 59\. Pope Gaius

Gaius, bishop of Rome, in the time of Zephyrinus, that is, in the reign of Antoninus, the son of Severus, delivered a very notable disputation _Against Proculus_, the follower of Montanus, convicting him of temerity in his defense of the new prophecy, and in the same volume also enumerating only thirteen epistles of Paul, says that the fourteenth, which is now called, _To the Hebrews_, is not by him, and is not considered among the Romans to the present day as being by the apostle Paul.

## 60\. Berillus

Beryllus, bishop of Bostra in Arabia, after he had ruled the church gloriously for a little while, finally lapsed into the heresy which denies that Christ existed before the incarnation. Set right by Origen, he wrote various short works, especially letters, in which he thanks Origen. The letters of Origen to him, are also extant, and a dialogue between Origen and Beryllus as well, in which heresies are discussed. He was distinguished during the reign of Alexander, son of Mammaea, and Maximinus and Gordianus, who succeeded him in power.

## 61\. Hippolytus

Hippolytus, bishop of some church (the name of the city I have not been able to learn) wrote _A reckoning of the Paschal feast and chronological tables_ which he worked out up to the first year of the Emperor Alexander. He also discussed the cycle of sixteen years, which the Greeks called ἐ κκαιδεκαετηρίδα and gave the cue to Eusebius, who composed on the same Paschal feast a cycle of nineteen years, that is ἐ ννεακαιδεκαετηρίδα . He wrote some commentaries on the Scriptures, among which are the following: _On the six days of creation, On Exodus, On the Song of Songs, On Genesis, On Zechariah, On the Psalms, On Isaiah, On Daniel, On the Apocalypse, On the Proverbs, On Ecclesiastes, On Saul, On the Pythonissa, On the Antichrist, On the resurrection, Against Marcion, On the Passover, Against all heresies_, and an exhortation _On the praise of our Lord and Saviour_, in which he indicates that he is speaking in the church in the presence of Origen. Ambrosius, who we have said was converted by Origen from the heresy of Marcion, to the true faith, urged Origen to write, in emulation of Hyppolytus, commentaries on the Scriptures, offering him seven, and even more secretaries, and their expenses, and an equal number of copyists, and what is still more, with incredible zeal, daily exacting work from him, on which account Origen, in one of his epistles, calls him his Taskmaster.

## 62\. Alexander of Cappadocia

Alexander, bishop of Cappadocia, desiring to visit the Holy Land, came to Jerusalem, at the time when Narcissus, bishop of this city, already an old man, ruled the church. It was revealed to Narcissus and many of his clergy, that on the morning of the next day, a bishop would enter the city, who should be assistant on the sacerdotal throne. And so it came to pass, as it was predicted, and all the bishops of Palestine being gathered together, Narcissus himself being especially urgent, Alexander took with him the helm of the church of Jerusalem. At the end of one of his epistles, written to the Antinoites _On the peace of the church_, he says Narcissus, who held the bishopric here before me, and now with me exercises his office by his prayers, being about a hundred and sixteen years old, salutes you, and with me begs you to become of one mind. He wrote another also _To the Antiocheans_, by the hand of Clement, the presbyter of Alexandria, of whom we spoke above, another also _To Origen_, and _In behalf of Origen against Demetrius_, called forth by the fact that, according to the testimony of Demetrius, he had made Origen presbyter. There are other epistles of his to different persons. In the seventh persecution under Decius, at the time when Babylas of Antioch was put to death, brought to Cæsarea and shut up in prison, he received the crown of martyrdom for confessing Christ.

## 63\. Julius the African

Julius Africanus, whose five volumes _On Chronology_, are yet extant, in the reign of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, who succeeded Macrinus, received a commission to restore the city of Emmaus, which afterwards was called Nicopolis. There is an epistle of his to Origen, _On the question of Susanna_, where it is contended that this story is not contained in the Hebrew, and is not consistent with the Hebrew etymology in respect of the play on prinos and prisai, schinos and schisai. In reply to this, Origen wrote a learned epistle. There is extant another letter of his, _To Aristides_, in which he discusses at length the discrepancies, which appear in the genealogy of our Saviour, as recorded by Matthew and Luke.

## 64\. Gemimus

Geminus, presbyter of the church at Antioch, composed a few monuments of his genius, flourishing in the time of the Emperor Alexander and Zebennus, bishop of his city, especially at the time at which Heraclas was ordained Pontiff of the church at Alexandria.

## 65\. Gregory Thaumaturgus

Theodorus, afterwards called Gregory, bishop of Neocæsarea in Pontus, while yet a very young man, in company with his brother Athenodorus, went from Cappadocia to Berytus, and thence to Cæsarea in Palestine, to study Greek and Latin literature. When Origen had seen the remarkable natural ability of these men, he urged them to study philosophy, in the teaching of which he gradually introduced the matter of faith in Christ, and made them also his followers. So, instructed by him for five years, they were sent back by him to their mother. Theodorus, on his departure, wrote a panegyric of thanks to Origen, and delivered it before a large assembly, Origen himself being present. This panegyric is extant at the present day.

He wrote also a short, but very valuable, paraphrase _On Ecclesiastes_, and current report speaks of other epistles of his, but more especially of the signs and wonders, which as bishop, he performed to the great glory of the churches.

## 66\. Pope Cornelius

Cornelius, bishop of Rome, to whom eight letters of Cyprian are extant, wrote a letter to Fabius, bishop of the church at Antioch, _On the Roman, Italian, and African councils_, and another _On Novatian and those who had fallen from the faith_, a third _On the acts of the council_, and a fourth very prolix one to the same Fabius, containing the causes of the Novatian heresy and an anathema of it. He ruled the church for two years under Gallus and Volusianus. He received the crown of martyrdom for Christ, and was succeeded by Lucius.

## 67\. Cyprian

Cyprian of Africa, at first was famous as a teacher of rhetoric, and afterwards on the persuasion of the presbyter Caecilius, from whom he received his surname, he became a Christian, and gave all his substance to the poor. Not long after he was inducted into the presbytery, and was also made bishop of Carthage. It is unnecessary to make a catalogue of the works of his genius, since they are more conspicuous than the sun.

He was put to death under the Emperors Valerian and Gallienus, in the eighth persecution, on the same day that Cornelius was put to death at Rome, but not in the same year.

## 68\. Pontius

Pontius, deacon of Cyprian, sharing his exile until the day of his death, left a notable volume _On the life and death of Cyprian._

## 69\. Dionysius of Alexandria

Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, as presbyter had charge of the catechetical school under Heraclas, and was the most distinguished pupil of Origen. Consenting to the doctrine of Cyprian and the African synod, on the rebaptizing of heretics, he sent many letters to different people, which are yet extant; He wrote one to Fabius, bishop of the church at Antioch, _On penitence_, another _To the Romans_, by the hand of Hippolytus, two letters _To Xystus_, who had succeeded Stephen, two also _To Philemon and Dionysius_, presbyters of the church at Rome, and another _To_ the same _Dionysius_, afterwards bishop of Rome; and _To Novatian_, treating of their claim that Novatian had been ordained bishop of Rome, against his will. The beginning of this epistle is as follows: Dionysius to Novatian, his brother greeting. If you have been ordained unwillingly, as you say, you will prove it, when you shall willingly retire.

There is another epistle of his also _To Dionysius and Didymus_, and many _Festal epistles on the passover_, written in a declamatory style, also one to the church of Alexandria _On exile_, one _To Hierax_, bishop in Egypt, and yet others _On mortality, On the Sabbath_, and _On the gymnasium_, also one _To Hermammon_ and others _On the persecution of Decius_, and two books _Against Nepos the bishop_, who asserted in his writings a thousand years reign in the body. Among other things he diligently discussed the _Apocalypse of John_, and wrote _Against Sabellius_ and _To Ammon_, bishop of Bernice, and _To Telesphorus_, also _To Euphranor_, also four books _To Dionysius_, bishop of Rome, to the Laodiceans _On penitence_, to Origen _On martyrdom_, to the Armenians _On penitence_, also _On the order of transgression_, to Timothy _On nature_, to Euphranor _On temptation_, many letters also _To Basilides_, in one of which he asserts that he also began to write commentaries on Ecclesiastes. The notable epistle which he wrote against Paul of Samosata, a few days before his death is also current. He died in the twelfth year of Gallienus.

## 70\. Novatianus

Novatianus, presbyter of Rome, attempted to usurp the sacerdotal chair occupied by Cornelius, and established the dogma of the Novatians, or as they are called in Greek, the Cathari, by refusing to receive penitent apostates. Novatus, author of this doctrine, was a presbyter of Cyprian. He wrote, _On the passover, On the Sabbath, On circumcision, On the priesthood, On prayer_, _On the food of the Jews, On zeal, On Attalus_, and many others, especially, a great volume _On the Trinity_, a sort of epitome of the work of Tertullian, which many mistakenly ascribe to Cyprian.

## 71\. Malchion

Malchion, the highly gifted presbyter of the church at Antioch, who had most successfully taught rhetoric in the same city, held a discussion with Paul of Samosata, who as bishop of the church at Antioch, had introduced the doctrine of Artemon, and this was taken down by short hand writers. This dialogue is still extant, and yet another extended epistle written by him, in behalf of the council, is addressed to _Dionysius and Maximus_, bishops of Rome and Alexandria. He flourished under Claudius and Aurelianus.

## 72\. Archelaus

Archelaus, bishop of Mesopotamia, composed in the Syriac language, a book of the discussion which he held with Manichaeus, when he came from Persia. This book, which is translated into Greek, is possessed by many.

He flourished under the Emperor Probus, who succeeded Aurelianus and Tacitus.

## 73\. Anatolius

Anatolius of Alexandria, bishop of Laodicea in Syria, who flourished under the emperors Probus and Carus, was a man of wonderful learning in arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic. We can get an idea of the greatness of his genius from the volume which he wrote _On the passover_ and his ten books _On the institutes of arithmetic._

## 74\. Victorinus of Pettau

Victorinus, bishop of Pettau, was not equally familiar with Latin and Greek. On this account his works though noble in thought, are inferior in style. They are the following: Commentaries _On Genesis, On Exodus, On Leviticus, On Isaiah, On Ezekiel, On Habakkuk, On Ecclesiastes, On the Song of Songs, On the Apocalypse of John, Against all heresies_ and many others. At the last he received the crown of martyrdom.

## 75\. Pamphilus

Pamphilus the presbyter, patron of Eusebius bishop of Cæsarea, was so inflamed with love of sacred literature, that he transcribed the greater part of the works of Origen with his own hand and these are still preserved in the library at Cæsarea. I have twenty-five volumes of Commentaries of Origen, written in his hand, _On the twelve prophets_ which I hug and guard with such joy, that I deem myself to have the wealth of Croesus. And if it is such joy to have one epistle of a martyr how much more to have so many thousand lines which seem to me to be traced in his blood. He wrote an _Apology for Origen_ before Eusebius had written his and was put to death at Cæsarea in Palestine in the persecution of Maximinus.

## 76\. Pierius

Pierius, presbyter of the church at Alexandria in the reign of Carus and Diocletian, at the time when Theonas ruled as bishop in the same church, taught the people with great success and attained such elegance of language and published so many treatises on all sorts of subjects (which are still extant) that he was called Origen Junior. He was remarkable for his self-discipline, devoted to voluntary poverty, and thoroughly acquainted with the dialectic art. After the persecution, he passed the rest of his life at Rome. There is extant a long treatise of his _On the prophet Hosea_ which from internal evidence appears to have been delivered on the vigil of Passover.

## 77\. Lucianus

Lucianus, a man of great talent, presbyter of the church at Antioch, was so diligent in the study of the Scriptures, that even now certain copies of the Scriptures bear the name of Lucian. Works of his, _On faith_, and short _Epistles_ to various people are extant. He was put to death at Nicomedia for his confession of Christ in the persecution of Maximinus, and was buried at Helenopolis in Bithynia.

## 78\. Phileas

Phileas a resident of that Egyptian city which is called Thmuis, of noble family, and no small wealth, having become bishop, composed a finely written work in praise of martyrs and arguing against the judge who tried to compel him to offer sacrifices, was beheaded for Christ during the same persecution in which Lucianus was put to death at Nicomedia.

## 79\. Arnobius

Arnobius was a most successful teacher of rhetoric at Sicca in Africa during the reign of Diocletian, and wrote volumes _Against the nations_ which may be found everywhere.

## 80\. Lactantius

Firmianus, known also as Lactantius, a disciple of Arnobius, during the reign of Diocletian summoned to Nicomedia with Flavius the Grammarian whose poem _On medicine_ is still extant, taught rhetoric there and on account of his lack of pupils (since it was a Greek city) he betook himself to writing. We have a _Banquet_ of his which he wrote as a young man in Africa and an _Itinerary_ of a journey from Africa to Nicomedia written in hexameters, and another book which is called _The Grammarian_ and a most beautiful one _On the wrath of God_, and _Divine institutes against the nations_, seven books, and an _Epitome_ of the same work in one volume, without a title, also two books _To Asclepiades_, one book _On persecution_, four books of Epistles to Probus, two books of _Epistles to Severus_, two books of _Epistles to his pupil Demetrius_ and one book to the same _On the work of God or the creation of man._ In his extreme old age he was tutor to Crispus Cæsar a son of Constantine in Gaul, the same one who was afterwards put to death by his father.

## 81\. Eusebius of Cæsarea

Eusebius bishop of Cæsarea in Palestine was diligent in the study of Divine Scriptures and with Pamphilus the martyr a most diligent investigator of the Holy Bible. He published a great number of volumes among which are the following: _Demonstrations of the Gospel_ twenty books, _Preparations for the Gospel_ fifteen books, _Theophany_ five books, _Church History_ ten books, _Chronicle of Universal History_ and an _Epitome_ of this last. Also _On discrepancies between the Gospels, On Isaiah_, ten books, also _Against Porphyry_, who was writing at that same time in Sicily as some think, twenty-five books, also one book of _Topics_, six books of _Apology for Origen_, three books _On the life of Pamphilus_, other brief works _On the martyrs_, exceedingly learned _Commentaries on one hundred and fifty Psalms_, and many others. He flourished chiefly in the reigns of Constantine the Great and Constantius. His surname Pamphilus arose from his friendship for Pamphilus the martyr.

## 82\. Reticius

Reticius bishop of Autun, among the Aedui, had a great reputation in Gaul in the reign of Constantine. I have read his commentaries _On the Song of Songs_ and another great volume _Against Novatian_ but besides these, I have found no works of his.

## 83\. Methodius

Methodius, bishop of Olympus in Lycia and afterwards of Tyre, composed books _Against Porphyry_ written in polished and logical style also a _Banquet of the ten virgins_, an excellent work _On the resurrection_, against Origen and _On the Pythonissa_ and _On free will_, also against Origen. He also wrote commentaries _On Genesis_ and _On the Song of Songs_ and many others which are widely read. At the end of the recent persecution or, as others affirm, in the reign of Decius and Valerianus, he was crowned with martyrdom at Chalcis in Greece.

## 84\. Juvencus

Juvencus, a Spaniard of noble family and presbyter, translating the four gospels almost verbally in hexameter verses, composed four books. He wrote some other things in the same metre relating to the order of the sacraments. He flourished in the reign of Constantinus.

## 85\. Eustathius

Eustathius, a Pamphilian from Side, bishop first of Berœa in Syria and then of Antioch, ruled the church and, composing many things against the doctrine of the Arians, was driven into exile under the emperor Constantius into Trajanopolis in Thrace where he is until this day. Works of his are extant _On the soul, On ventriloquism Against Origen_ and _Letters_ too numerous to mention.

## 86\. Marcellus

Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra, flourished in the reign of Constantinus and Constantius and wrote many volumes of various _Propositions_ and especially against the Arians. Works of Asterius and Apollinarius against him are current, which accuse him of Sabellianism. Hilary too, in the seventh book of his work _Against the Arians_, mentions him as a heretic, but he defends himself against the charge through the fact that Julius and Athanasius bishops of Rome and Alexandria communed with him.

## 87\. Athanasius

Athanasius bishop of Alexandria, hard pressed by the wiles of the Arians, fled to Constans emperor of Gaul. Returning thence with letters and, after the death of the emperor, again taking refuge in flight, he kept in hiding until the accession of Jovian, when he returned to the church and died in the reign of Valens. Various works by him are in circulation; two books _Against the nations_, one _Against Valens and Ursacius, On virginity_, very many _On the persecutions of the Arians_, also _On the titles of the Psalms_ and _Life of Anthony the monk_, also _Festal epistles_ and other works too numerous to mention.

## 88\. Antonius

Anthony the monk, whose life Athanasius bishop of Alexandria wrote a long work upon, sent seven letters in Coptic to various monasteries, letters truly apostolic in idea and language, and which have been translated into Greek. The chief of these is _To the Arsenoites._ He flourished during the reign of Constantinus and his sons.

## 89\. Basil of Ancyra

Basil bishop of Ancyra, \[a doctor of\] medicine, wrote a book _Against Marcellus and on virginity_ and some other things — and in the reign of Constantius was, with Eustathius of Sebaste, primate of Macedonia.

## 90\. Theodorus

Theodorus, bishop of Heraclea in Thrace, published in the reign of the emperor Constantius commentaries _On Matthew and John, On the Epistles_ and _On the Psalter._ These are written in a polished and clear style and show an excellent historical sense.

## 91\. Eusebius of Emesa

Eusebius of Emesa, who had fine rhetorical talent, composed innumerable works suited to win popular applause and writing historically he is most diligently read by those who practise public speaking. Among these the chief are, _Against Jews, Gentiles and Novatians_ and _Homilies on the Gospels_, brief but numerous. He flourished in the reign of the emperor Constantius in whose reign he died, and was buried at Antioch.

## 92\. Triphylius

Triphylius, bishop of Ledra or Leucotheon, in Cyprus, was the most eloquent man of his age, and was distinguished during the reign of Constantius. I have read his _Commentary on the Song of Songs._ He is said to have written many other works, none of which have come to our hand.

## 93\. Donatus

Donatus, from whom the Donatians arose in Africa in the reigns of the emperors Constantinus and Constantius, asserted that the scriptures were given up to the heathen by the orthodox during the persecution, and deceived almost all Africa, and especially Numidia by his persuasiveness. Many of his works, which relate to his heresy, are extant, including _On the Holy Spirit_, a work which is Arian in doctrine.

## 94\. Asterius

Asterius, a philosopher of the Arian party, wrote, during the reign of Constantius, commentaries _On the Epistle to the Romans, On the Gospels_ and _On the Psalms_, also many other works which are diligently read by those of his party.

## 95\. Lucifer of Cagliari

Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, was sent by Liberius the bishop, with Pancratius and Hilary, clergy of the Roman church, to the emperor Constantius, as legates for the faith. When he would not condemn the Nicene faith as represented by Athanasius, sent again to Palestine, with wonderful constancy and willingness to meet martyrdom, he wrote a book against the emperor Constantius and sent it to be read by him, and not long after he returned to Cagliari in the reign of the emperor Julian and died in the reign of Valentinian.

## 96\. Eusebius of Vercelli

Eusebius, a native of Sardinia, at first a lector at Rome and afterwards bishop of Vercelli, sent by the emperor Constantius to Scythopolis, and afterwards to Cappadocia, on account of his confession of the faith, returned to the church under the emperor Julian and published the _Commentaries of Eusebius of Cæsarea on the Psalms_, which he had translated from Greek into Latin, and died during the reign of Valentian and Valens.

## 97\. Fortunatianus

Fortunatianus, an African by birth, bishop of Aquilia during the reign of Constantius, composed brief _Commentaries on the gospels_ arranged by chapters, written in a rustic style, and is held in detestation because, when Liberius bishop of Rome was driven into exile for the faith, he was induced by the urgency of Fortunatianus to subscribe to heresy.

## 98\. Acacius

Acacius, who, because he was blind in one eye, they nicknamed the one-eyed, bishop of the church of Cæsarea in Palestine, wrote seventeen volumes _On Ecclesiastes_ and six of _Miscellaneous questions_, and many treatises besides on various subjects. He was so influential in the reign of the emperor Constantius that he made Felix bishop of Rome in the place of Liberius.

## 99\. Serapion of Thmuis

Serapion, bishop of Thmuis, who on account of his cultivated genius was found worthy of the surname of Scholasticus, was the intimate friend of Anthony the monk, and published an excellent book _Against the Manichaeans_, also another _On the titles of the Psalms_, and valuable _Epistles_ to different people. In the reign of the emperor Constantius he was renowned as a confessor.

## 100\. Hilary of Poitiers

Hilary, a bishop of Poitiers in Aquitania, was a member of the party of Saturninus bishop of Arles. Banished into Phrygia by the Synod of Beziérs he composed twelve books _Against the Arians_ and another book _On Councils_ written to the Gallican bishops, and _Commentaries on the Psalms_ that is on the first and second, from the fifty-first to the sixty-second, and from the one hundred and eighteenth to the end of the book. In this work he imitated Origen, but added also some original matter. There is a little book of his _To Constantius_ which he presented to the emperor while he was living in Constantinople, and another _On Constantius_ which he wrote after his death and a book _Against Valens and Ursacius_, containing a history of the Ariminian and Selucian Councils and _To Sallust the prefect_ or _Against Dioscurus_, also a book of _Hymns and mysteries_, a commentary _On Matthew_ and treatises On _Job_, which he translated freely from the Greek of Origen, and another elegant little work _Against Auxentius_ and _Epistles_ to different persons. They say he has written _On the Song of Songs_ but this work is not known to us. He died at Poictiers during the reign of Valentinianus and Valens.

## 101\. Victorinus of Africa

Victorinus, an African by birth, taught rhetoric at Rome under the emperor Constantius and in extreme old age, yielding himself to faith in Christ wrote books against Arius, written in dialectic style and very obscure language, books which can only be understood by the learned. He also wrote _Commentaries on the Epistles._

## 102\. Titus of Bostra

Titus bishop of Bostra, in the reign of the emperors Julian and Jovinian wrote vigorous works against the Manichaeans and some other things. He died under Valens.

## 103\. Pope Damasus

Damasus, bishop of Rome, had a fine talent for making verses and published many brief works in heroic metre. He died in the reign of the Emperor Theodosius at the age of almost eighty.

## 104\. Apollinarius of Laodicea

Apollinarus, bishop of Laodicea, in Syria, the son of a presbyter, applied himself in his youth to the diligent study of grammar, and afterwards, writing innumerable volumes on the Holy Scriptures, died in the reign of the Emperor Theodosius. There are extant thirty books by him _Against Porphyry_, which are generally considered as among the best of his works.

## 105\. Gregory Bæticus

Gregory, bishop of Elvira, in Baetica, writing even to extreme old age, composed various treatises in mediocre language, and an elegant work _On Faith._ He is said to be still living.

## 106\. Pacianus

Pacianus, bishop of Barcelona, in the Pyrenees Mountains, a man of chaste eloquence, and as distinguished by his life as by his speech, wrote various short works, among which are _The Deer_, and _Against the Novatians_, and died in the reign of Emperor Theodosian, in extreme old age.

## 107\. Photinus

Photinus, of Gallograecia, a disciple of Marcellus, and ordained bishop of Sirmium, attempted to introduce the Ebionite heresy, and afterwards having been expelled from the church by the Emperor Valentinianus, wrote many volumes, among which the most distinguished are _Against the nations_, and _To Valentinianus._

## 108\. Phœbadius

Phœbadius, bishop of Agen, in Gaul, published a book _Against the Arians._ There are said to be other works by him, which I have not yet read. He is still living, infirm with age.

## 109\. Didymus the Blind

Didymus, of Alexandria, becoming blind while very young, and therefore ignorant of the rudiments of learning, displayed such a miracle of intelligence as to learn perfectly dialectics and even geometry, sciences which especially require sight. He wrote many admirable works: _Commentaries on all the Psalms, Commentaries on the Gospels of Matthew and John, On the doctrines_, also two books _Against the Arians_, and one book _On the Holy Spirit_, which I translated in Latin, eighteen volumes _On Isaiah_, three books of commentaries _On Hosea_, addressed to me, and five books _On Zechariah_, written at my request, also commentaries _On Job_, and many other things, to give an account of which would be a work of itself. He is still living, and has already passed his eighty-third year.

## 110\. Optatus

Optatus the African, bishop of Milevis, during the reign of the Emperors Valentinianus and Valens, wrote in behalf of the Catholic party six books against the calumny of the Donatian party, in which he asserts that the crime of the Donatists is falsely charged upon the catholic party.

## 111\. Acilius Severus

Acilius Severus of Spain, of the family of that Severus to whom Lactantius' two books of _Epistles_ are addressed, composed a volume of mingled poetry and prose which is a sort of guide book to his whole life. This he called _Calamity or Trial_. He died in the reign of Valentinianus.

## 112\. Cyril of Jerusalem

Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem often expelled by the church, and at last received, held the episcopate for eight consecutive years, in the reign of Theodosius. Certain _Catachetical lectures_ of his, composed while he was a young man, are extant.

## 113\. Euzoius

Euzoius, as a young man, together with Gregory, bishop of Nazianzan, was educated by Thespesius the rhetorician at Cæsarea, and afterwards when bishop of the same city, with great pains attempted to restore the library, collected by Origen and Pamphilus, which had already suffered injury. At last, in the reign of the Emperor Theodosian, he was expelled from the church. Many and various treatises of his are in circulation, and one may easily become acquainted with them.

## 114\. Epiphanius

Epiphanius, bishop of Salamina in Cyprus, wrote books _Against all heresies_ and many others which are eagerly read by the learned, on account of their subject matter, and also by the plain people, on account of their language. He is still living, and in his extreme old age composes various brief works.

## 115\. Ephraim

Ephraim, deacon of the church at Edessa, composed many works in the Syriac language, and became so distinguished that his writings are repeated publicly in some churches, after the reading of the Scriptures.

I once read in Greek a volume by him _On the Holy Spirit_, which some one had translated from the Syriac, and recognized even in translation, the incisive power of lofty genius. He died in the reign of Valens.

## 116\. Basil the Great

Basil, bishop of Cæsarea in Cappadocia, the city formerly called Mazaca, composed admirable carefully written books _Against Eunomius_, a volume _On the Holy Spirit_, and nine homilies _On the six days of creation_, also a work _On asceticism_ and short treatises on various subjects. He died in the reign of Gratianus.

## 117\. Gregory of Nazianzen

Gregory, bishop of Nazianzen, a most eloquent man, and my instructor in the Scriptures, composed works, amounting in all to thirty thousand lines, among which are _On the death of his brother Cæsarius, On charity, In praise of the Maccabees, In praise of Cyprian, In praise of Athanasius, In praise of Maximus the philosopher_ after he had returned from exile. This latter however, some superscribe with the pseudonym of Herona, since there is another work by Gregory, upbraiding this same Maximus, as if one might not praise and upbraid the same person at one time or another as the occasion may demand. Other works of his are a book in hexameter, containing, _A discussion between virginity and marriage_, two books _Against Eunomius_, one book _On the Holy Spirit_, and one _Against the Emperor Julian._ He was a follower of Polemon in his style of speaking. Having ordained his successor in the bishopric, during his own life time, he retired to the country where he lived the life of a monk and died, three years or more ago, in the reign of Theodosius.

## 118\. Lucius

Lucius, bishop of the Arian party after Athanasius, held the bishopric of the church at Alexandria, until the time of the Emperor Theodosius, by whom he was deposed. Certain festal epistles of his, _On the passover_ are extant, and a few short works of _Miscellaneous propositions._

## 119\. Diodorus

Diodorus, bishop of Tarsus enjoyed a great reputation while he was still presbyter of Antioch. Commentaries of his _On the epistles_ are extant, as well as many other works in the manner of Eusebius the great of Emesa, whose meaning he has followed, but whose eloquence he could not imitate on account of his ignorance of secular literature.

## 120\. Eunomius

Eunomius, bishop of Cyzicus and member of the Arian party, fell into such open blasphemy in his heresy, as to proclaim publicly what the others concealed. He is said to be still living in Cappadocia, and to write much against the church. Replies to him have been made by Apollinarius, Didymus, Basil of Cæsarea, Gregory Nazianzen, and Gregory of Nyssa.

## 121\. Priscillianus

Priscillianus, bishop of Abila, belonged to the party of Hydatius and Ithacius, and was put to death at Trèves by the tyrant Maximus. He published many short writings, some of which have reached us. He is still accused by some, of being tainted with Gnosticism, that is, with the heresy of Basilides or Mark, of whom Irenæus writes, while his defenders maintain that he was not at all of this way of thinking.

## 122\. Latronianus

Latronianus, of Spain, a man of great learning, and in the matter of versification worthy to be compared with the poets of ancient time, was also put to death at Trèves with Priscillianus, Felicissimus, Julianus, and Euchrotia, coöriginators with him of schism. Various fruits of his genius written in different metres are extant.

## 123\. Tiberianus

Tiberianus, the Baetican, in answer to an insinuation that he shared the heresy of Priscillian, wrote an apology in pompous and mongrel language. But after the death of his friends, overcome by the tediousness of exile, he changed his mind, as it is written in Holy Scripture the dog returned to his vomit, and married a nun, a virgin dedicated to Christ.

## 124\. Ambrose of Milan

Ambrose a bishop of Milan, at the present time is still writing. I withhold my judgment of him, because he is still alive, fearing either to praise or blame lest in the one event, I should be blamed for adulation, and in the other for speaking the truth.

## 125\. Evagrius

Evagrius, bishop of Antioch, a man of remarkably keen mind, while he was yet presbyter read me various treatises on various topics, which he had not yet published. He translated also the _Life of the blessed Anthony_ from the Greek of Athanasius into our language.

## 126\. Ambrose of Alexandria

Ambrose of Alexandria, pupil of Didymus, wrote a long work _On doctrines_ against Apollinaris, and as some one has lately informed me, _Commentaries on Job._ He is still living.

## 127\. Maximus of Constantinople

Maximus the philosopher, born at Alexandria, ordained bishop at Constantinople and deposed, wrote a remarkable work _On faith_ against the Arians and gave it to the Emperor Gratianus, at Milan.

## 128\. Gregory of Nyssa

Gregory bishop of Nyssa, the brother of Basil of Cæsarea, a few years since read to Gregory Nazianzan and myself a work against Eunomius. He is said to have also written many other works, and to be still writing.

## 129\. John of Antioch

John, presbyter of the church at Antioch, a follower of Eusebius of Emesa and Diodorus, is said to have composed many books, but of these I have only read his _On the priesthood._

## 130\. Gelasius

Gelasius, bishop of Cæsarea in Palestine after Euzoius, is said to write more or less in carefully polished style, but not to publish his works.

## 131\. Theotimus

Theotimus, bishop of Tomi, in Scythia, has published brief and epigrammatical treatises, in the form of dialogues, and in olden style. I hear that he is now writing other works.

## 132\. Dexter the Prætorian Prefect

Dexter, son of Pacianus whom I mentioned above, distinguished in his generation and devoted to the Christian faith, has, I am told, written a _Universal History_, which I have not yet read.

## 133\. Amphilochius

Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium, recently read to me a book _On the Holy Spirit_, arguing that He is God, that He is to be worshipped, and that He is omnipotent.

## 134\. Sophronius

Sophronius, a man of superlative learning, wrote while yet a lad, _In praise of Bethlehem_ and recently a notable volume, _On the overthrow of Serapis_, and also to Eustachius, _On virginity_, and a _Life of Hilarion the monk._ He rendered short works of mine into Greek in a very finished style, the _Psalter_ also, and the Prophets, which I translated from Hebrew into Latin.

## 135\. Jerome

I, Jerome, son of Eusebius, of the city of Strido, which is on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia and was overthrown by the Goths, up to the present year, that is, the fourteenth of the Emperor Theodosius, have written the following: _Life of Paul the monk_, one book of _Letters to different persons_, an _Exhortation to Heliodorus, Controversy of Luciferianus and Orthodoxus, Chronicle of universal history, 28 homilies of Origen on Jeremiah and Ezekiel_, which I translated from Greek into Latin, _On the Seraphim, On Osanna, On the prudent and the prodigal sons, On three questions of the ancient law, Homilies on the Song of Songs_ two, _Against Helvidius, On the perpetual virginity of Mary_, To Eustochius, _On maintaining virginity_, one book of _Epistles to Marcella_, a consolatory letter to Paula _On the death of a daughter_, three books of _Commentaries on the epistle of Paul to the Galatians_, likewise three books of _Commentaries on the epistle to the Ephesians, On the epistle to Titus_ one book, _On the epistle to Philemon_ one, _Commentaries on Ecclesiastes_, one book of _Hebrew questions on Genesis_, one book _On places in Judea_, one book of _Hebrew names, Didymus on the Holy Spirit_, which I translated into Latin one book, _Thirty-Nine Homilies on Luke_ _On Psalms 10 to 16_, seven books, _On the captive Monk, The Life of the blessed Hilarion._ I translated the _New Testament_ from the Greek, and the _Old Testament_ from the Hebrew, and how many _Letters_ I have written _To Paula and Eustochium_ I do not know, for I write daily. I wrote moreover, two books of _Explanations on Micah_, one book _On Nahum_, two books _On Habakkuk_, one _On Zephaniah_, one _On Haggai_, and many others _On the prophets_, which are not yet finished, and which I am still at work upon.

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Source: Translated by Ernest Cushing Richardson (NPNF2 Vol. 3; series ed. W. H. Fremantle).  
Text sourced from New Advent (newadvent.org). Accessed September 2026.  
Translation: Author d. 420. NPNF Series II Vol. 3 (Fremantle, 1892) public domain. — copyright pre-verified (author pre-1900; PD English translation identified).